Page 21 - Hong Kong Productivity Council Independent Auditor’s Report and Financial Statements 2024-25

4. 會計政策（續）
(e) 資產減值
(i) 應收賬款及合約資產的減值
本集團確認對所有按成本或攤銷成本入賬的債務工具作預
期信貸虧損的撥備。預期信貸虧損乃基於根據合約到期的
合約現金流量與本集團預期收取的所有現金流量之間的差
額而釐定，並以原實際利率的近似值貼現。預期現金流量
將包括出售所持抵押的現金流量或組成合約條款的其他信
貸提升措施。
常規法
預期信貸虧損分兩個階段進行確認。就自初始確認起未有
顯著增加的信貸風險而言，就未來12個月內可能發生違
約事件而導致的信貸虧損（12個月預期信貸虧損）作出
預期信貸虧損撥備。就自初始確認起經已顯著增加的信貸
風險而言，不論何時發生違約，於餘下風險年期內的預期
信貸虧損均須計提虧損撥備（全期預期信貸虧損）。
於各報告日期，本集團評估金融工具的信貸風險自初始確
認以來是否顯著增加。於評估時，本集團就金融工具於報
告日期發生違約的風險與金融工具於初始確認日期發生違
約的風險進行比較，並考慮無須付出不必要成本或努力可
得之合理且可靠之資料，包括過往及前瞻性資料。
簡化法
就不包含重大融資部分的應收賬款及合約資產而言或倘本
集團應用不調整重大融資部分的實際權宜法，則本集團應
用簡化法計算預期信貸虧損。根據簡化法，本集團並無追
蹤信貸風險的變化，而於各報告日期根據全期預期信貸虧
損確認虧損撥備。本集團已根據其以往信貸虧損經驗，建
立撥備矩陣，並就債務人及經濟環境的特定前瞻性因素作
出調整。
獨立核數師報告及財務報告 INDEPENDENT AUDITOR’S REPORT AND FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 2024-25 19
4. MATERIAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued)
(e) Impairment of assets
(i) Impairment of accounts receivable and contract assets
The Group assesses an allowance for expected credit losses (“ECL”)
for all debt instruments stated at cost or amortised cost. ECL are
based on the difference between the contractual cash flows due in
accordance with the contract and all the cash flows that the Group
expects to receive, discounted at an approximation of the original
effective interest rate. The expected cash flows will include cash
flows from the sale of collateral held or other credit enhancements
that are integral to the contractual terms.
General approach
ECL are recognised in two stages. For credit exposures for which
there has not been a significant increase in credit risk since initial
recognition, ECL are provided for credit losses that result from
default events that are possible within the next 12 months (a
12-month ECL). For those credit exposures for which there has been
a significant increase in credit risk since initial recognition, a loss
allowance is required for credit losses expected over the remaining
life of the exposure, irrespective of the timing of the default (a
lifetime ECL).
At each reporting date, the Group assesses whether the credit risk
on a financial instrument has increased significantly since initial
recognition. When making the assessment, the Group compares the
risk of a default occurring on the financial instrument as at the
reporting date with the risk of a default occurring on the financial
instrument as at the date of initial recognition and considers
reasonable and supportable information that is available without
undue cost or effort, including historical and forward-looking
information.
Simplified approach
For accounts receivable and contract assets that do not contain a
significant financing component or when the Group applies the
practical expedient of not adjusting the effect of a significant
financing component, the Group applies the simplified approach in
calculating ECL. Under the simplified approach, the Group does not
track changes in credit risk, but instead recognises a loss allowance
based on lifetime ECL at each reporting date. The Group has
established an allowance matrix that is based on its historical credit
loss experience, adjusted for forward-looking factors specific to the
debtors and the economic environment.